Health Effects Of Fast Food - 1207 Words

Health Effects of Fast Food Healthy eating and living are indispensable requirements. The modern world has adopted a system of consumption of foods, which has a lot of adverse effects on health. Every day, life changes so much that people don’t have enough times to think about what is right to eat. Civilization and globalization have affected peoples eating habits and forced many to consume high calorie fast foods, which is known to as junk food. Recently, research into the likely health effects on consumption of these high calorie foods offers an insight to avoid them. Unfortunately, not enough taken action is being to change these consumption habits. Altogether, junk food has emerged as a global problem because more people are consuming it at a larger percent than ever before. Junk food relates to empty calorie food. These are high calorie rich foods that are missing basic nutritional value, which includes minerals, amino acids, vitamins and fiber. These foods do not have the nutrients that the body requires. Thus, these foods that have poor nutritional value are termed unhealthy. In essence, they have adverse effects on consumer’s health. Interestingly, a large part of the population likes junk food because they are tasty, quick, convenient and fashionable. This makes people eat them without planning to do because of the foods great taste and addictive characteristics (Bhaskar, 2012). Sugar and fat are also abundant in these types of foods. These two combine and areShow MoreRelatedFast Food And Its Effect On Our Health1474 Words   |  6 PagesFood is one of the basic needs of human beings; it provides us energy that our body needs to work properly. Not only that, it also provides us a variety of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and p roteins that our body asks us daily to keep it in function. As time our alimentation has changed due to the demands of the modern world. People have less time to prepare a home cooked meal, and instead of it we decide to eat fast food, but did you know that eating fast food daily cause adverseRead MoreThe Effects Of Fast Food On Our Health848 Words   |  4 Pagesthat our frequent trips to fast food restaurants may have been part of the problem. Despite her constant dieting and exercising, because my mother frequents McDonald’s for breakfast and the salads, which are, to her, convenient, healthy meals, she will never lose weight. Many Americans, like my mom, have developed numerous health issues due in part to the fact that most fail to understand how the fast food they are ingesting can be tremendously harmful to their health. Education, however, might justRead MoreThe Effects Of Fast Food On Human Health Badly857 Words   |  4 Pagesair, water, and food. These essences are vital for people to live. There are a great number of various types of food in the world such as Japanese, Italian, French, Mexican, American, and so on. Nowadays, people have more options to eat compared with decades ago. On the one hand, some people argue that this situation is efficient for people because they can select whatever they want to eat any time and anywhere. On the other hand, others contend that fast food affect on human health badly. Many peopleRead MoreHealth Effects of Fast Food in Our Current World2606 Words   |  11 PagesRunning Head: Health Effects of Fast Food Health Effects of Fast Food in our Current World Abstract The prevalence of fast food in today’s society may be affecting more than just peoples eating choices; it can also affect the economy. In this paper I will discuss and give some insight on the history of fast food, its growth, positive and negative issues related to fast food, and also health related issues that seem to be directly correlated with eating fast food. In my paper I also chooseRead MoreThe Effects Of Fast Foods On Health Risks Among Children And Adolescents1549 Words   |  7 Pagesaffluent nation were facing future health risks due to mal nutrition and physical inactivity. The research method of crystallization encouraged me to gather and view evidence using a variety of disciplines, and multiple lenses to support my theory. My study was inclusive of peer reviewed research studies, books, and interviews. As a component of my study, I visually deepened my inquiry through the use of photographic evidence. Food Insecurity The results ofRead MoreInformative Speech- Fast Food Essays865 Words   |  4 PagesFast Food Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about fast food in the United States and its effects. Central Idea: The history of fast food, the effects of eating fast food, and its effect on the United States. Introduction I. Anywhere you go, there is a good chance there will be a fast food restaurant nearby. A. It’s the easy way out of cooking dinner, or grabbing something fast because you didn’t have time to make anything. B. Fast food may taste good, but have you ever thoughtRead MoreFood Nation : The Dark Side Of The All American Meal1299 Words   |  6 Pages HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF PROCESSED FOODS TO HUMAN HEALTH Processed foods, refers to any deliberate alteration or modification of foodstuff before its availability for consumption. These alterations ranges from simple undertakings such as drying or freezing food for nutrients and freshness preservation to complex undertakings such as formulation of a frozen meal with the correct balance of ingredients and nutrients. Nowadays, processed foods have become a large part of the human food industry andRead MoreThe Increasing Popularity Of Fast Food1602 Words   |  7 Pageshas changed into a fast paced and overwhelming schedule which means that people are looking to fulfill their needs in ways that are affordable and easily accessible. This involves the increasing popularity of fast food restaurants. The increased rate of diabetes and obesity has become a result of people choosing to consume fast food more than they should. A solution to this issue is implementing a large tax on the company’s products. By having a significant increase in fast food tax, it will h andRead MoreFastfood1128 Words   |  5 PagesSimple Facts About Fast Food Nov 20, 2010 By Suzanne Robin Fast food restaurants, also known as quick service restaurants, sell food that can be quickly cooked, assembled and eaten. Fast food has moved out of restaurants and is also readily available at convenience stores. Even grocery stores often serve their own versions of fast food in prepackaged sandwiches and salads. Fast Food Nation reports that 25 percent of Americans eat at least one meal a day at a fast food restaurant,. What areRead More Fast Food Companies Are NOT Responsible For Obesity Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesToday, many people eat fast food instead of home made food. The reason is that fast food is fast, cheap and convenient. However, at the same time, fast food is contributing to a big social problem in the U.S., which is obesity, and recently some people are beginning to sue the fast food companies for causing their obesity. Should the fast food companies have responsibility for Americans obesity? My answer for this argument is No. I think that whether people eat fast food or not is an individual

Essay about Biblical Imagery in the Story of Rapunzel

Biblical Imagery in the Story of Rapunzel Ostensibly, the story of â€Å"Rapunzel† is the tale of a young girl, locked up in a tower by a wicked witch, the real concern of the story, however, being lust and the dangers it represents to girls as they enter the rites of passage of puberty. Symbolism pervades the story of â€Å"Rapunzel†, as in all fairy tales, giving rise to diverse interpretations. While a great deal of the symbolism is commonly found in fairy tales, the Grimm’s infuse the tale of â€Å"Rapunzel† with much from the biblical stories with which their audience would most likely be familiar. In the final version of â€Å"Rapunzel,† the Grimms add a moral message, based primarily on stories taken from the Bible, in order to demonstrate the†¦show more content†¦Within the collection of stories as a whole, the brothers took â€Å"pains to delete every phrase unsuitable for children†¦hoping that their collection could serve as a manual of manners† (Tatar 19). Most significantly, the Grimms â€Å"eliminated erotic and sexual elements†¦added numerous Christian expressions and references, [and] emphasized specific role models for male and female protagonists according to the dominant patriarchal code of that time† (Zipes, Dreams 74). â€Å"Rapunzel† itself is the classic story of a mother’s attempt to protect her young daughter from the dangers she must face in order to successfully navigate the rites of passage of puberty. The Grimms’ version of â€Å"Rapunzel† also presents a strong moral message to young women in order to maintain the patriarchal nature and moral code of 19th century Germany. The question which most Grimms’ tales ask is: â€Å"how can one learn –what must one do to use one’s powers rightly in order to be accepted in society or recreate society in keeping with the norms of the status quo?† (Zipes, Fairy 57). The Grimms’ story of â€Å"Rapunzel† is no different, answering this question by looking to, among other sources, the Bible. Many biblical references pervade the story of â€Å"Rapunzel,† beginning with â€Å"a man and wife [who] long wished in vain for a child† (Hallett 67). Anyone familiarShow MoreRelatedHow To Read Literature Like A Professor Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pageshow to look past the surface of a literary work to find a deeper or hidden meaning. Writers use devices, such as symbolism, imagery, foreshadowing, irony and allusion to reveal these meanings. If these are overlooked, important aspects of the story can be lost. One literary device that Foster emphasizes in his book is allusion. Every story has elements of another story, and Foster devotes Chapters Four through Seven explaining the meaning of allusion in works by Shakespeare, the Bible, and fairyRead MorePoetry by William King, Martyn Lowery, Andrew Marvell, Liz Lochhead, John Cooper Clarke and Elizabeth Jennings10576 Words   |  43 Pagesa free verse dialogue and Rapunzstiltskin also uses free verse to achieve its effects. One Flesh, in contrast is a formal, rhymed meditation. The most obvious poetic technique that these poems have in common is their use of imagery. Love and Sex ============ Surprisingly, perhaps, the most sexually explicit poems in this collection are the two older ones: The Beggar Woman and To His Coy Mistress. Of the modern poems, none of them deal with the

AdahsPoetry Essay Example For Students

AdahsPoetry Essay Then write a short response one or two well- plopped paragraphs for each of the two poems discussing your consideration of the allusion to the poem or the inclusion of the poem in The Opposition Bible. How you wish to discuss the two poems and its connection to the novel is wide open. Im looking for a thoughtful consideration of poems and their inclusion in the novel. Some questions to help you think about them: Why does Kingfisher have the character of Dada mention them? What is their effect? After you read a full poem, instead of Just the lines Dada recites, do you have any new insights about Dada, other harassers, the circumstances of the story, something else? What do you know about Dickinson that might shed some light? What does Dada herself say about Dickinson? About William C. Williams? Type and double-space your responses. Copy and paste the poems with your paragraphs. Be prepared to share and discuss your findings The Red Wheelbarrow p. 170 by William Carols Williams so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. Note: Few of Dickinson 1700+ poems have titles. Most are identified by the first line. 2 Emily Dickinson (1830-86). P. 185 Hyssop is the thing with feathers -? That perches in the soul -? And sings the tune without the words -? And never stops -? at all -? And sweetest -? in the Gale -? is heard -? Doodads ay tendency etc And sore must be the storm -? That could abash the little Bird That kept so many warm -? Ive heard it in the chilliest land -? And on the strangest Sea -? Yet, never, in Extremity, It asked a crumb -? of Me. 3 p. 95 is that long Shadow -? Presentiment -? Indicatives that Suns go down -? The Notice to the startled Grass That Darkness -? is about to pass -? 4 p. 365 Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but Just ourselves And Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too, For his civility. On the Lawn -? We passed the school, where children strove At recess, in the ring; We pas sed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun. Or rather, they passed us; The dews drew quivering and chill, For only gossamer my gown, My tippet only tulle.

Steven Boldis January 7,1999 Essays - Literature, Literary Realism

Steven Boldis January 7,1999 English 9 Mr. Moratto The Catcher in the Rye In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil and corrupt place where there is no peace. This perception of the world does not change significantly through the novel. However as the novel progresses, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this. During the short period of Holden's life covered in this book, Holden does succeed in making us believe that the world is crazy. Shortly after Holden leaves Pencey Prep he checks in to the EdmontHotel. This is where Holden's turmoil begins. Holden spends the following evening in this hotel which was full of perverts and morons. (There were) screwballs all over the place. His situation only deteriorates from this point on as the more he looks around this world, the more depressing life seems. Around every corner Holden sees evil. He looks out on a world, which appears completely immoral. The three days we learn of from the novel place a distressed Holden in the are of Manhattan. The city is decked with decorations and holiday splendor, yet, much to Holden's despair seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or even genuine merriment. Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks, perverts, morons and screwballs. These convictions which Holden holds waver very momentarily during only one particular scene in the book. The scene is that with Mr. Antolini. After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while he was sleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini was a pervert as well. This is the only time during the novel where Holden thinks twice about considering someone as a pervert. After reviewing Mr. Antolini, Holden finally concludes that maybe he wasn't making a flirty pass at him. Maybe he just like patting guys heads as they sleep. This is really the only time in the novel where Holden actually considers a positive side. This event does not constitute a significant change. As Holden himself says, It's not too bad when the sun's out, but the sun only comes out when it feels like coming out. The sun of course i s a reference to decency through the common association of light and goodness. His perception of the world remains the same. The one conviction that does change during the novel is Holden's belief that he can change the world. On his date with Sally, Holden reveals his feelings. Did you ever get fed up?... I mean did you ever get scared that everything was going to go lousy unless you did something...Holden goes through several plans. Holden at one point contemplates heading out west where he will pretend to be a deaf-mute and live a quiet life. At another point Holden proposes to Sally to escape this world with him. It is finally to his younger sister Phoebe that Holden reveals his ultimate plan. Although Holden describes the situation in a very picturesque and symbolic manner he essentially tells Phoebe that he wants to prevent children from growing up. He blames the world's corruption on adults and believes that when he stops the children from growing up he will preserve their innocence and save the world. It takes most of the book before Holden begins to realize that he is helpless to stop this corruption. Finally, he realizes that not only is there nothing that he can do, but there is nowhere he can go to hide from it. Holden takes awhile to comprehend these concepts. One good example is when Holden is delivering the note to his sister. He encounters a *censored*-you written on the wall. Holden careful rubs this off with his hand so as to protect the innocent children from reading it. Later on he finds *censored*-you scratched into the surface with a knife. He discovers that he can't efface this one. Even in the timeless peace of the Egyptian tomb room at the museum there is an un-erasable *censored*-you. This incident is the beginning of Holden's realization that his dreams are infeasible. Strangely enough, it is one of the innocent children that he is trying to protect who helps him come to terms with this realization. It is Phoebe who

Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage Essays - LGBT History, Free Essays

Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage Essays - LGBT History, Free Essays Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage 29 Nov. 1999 Same Sex Marriage, Acceptance in the United States Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Marriage entitles financial responsibility, as well as authorized financial benefits. It is the institution that provides automatic legal protection for the spouse, including medical visitation, inheritance of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. Society has become accustom to what they believe is normal by their traditions and religious beliefs. Many people believe that same-sex marriage is not normal. The simple fact is that banning same-sex marriage is discrimination. Marriage is the basic human right that should not be denied to anyone. Marriage among minorities has come a long way in becoming accepted as normal in the eyes of society. Interracial marriage was prohibited, and unacceptable in the United States, until the Supreme Court ruled such bans unconstitutional in 1967. There is no reason that the federal government, or anyone for that matter, should restrict marriage to a prede fined heterosexual relationship. Because it is the right of the homosexual legally, socially, and economically, matrimony between lesbian and gay couples should be accepted in the United States. Because our country has been founded on the Constitution, in which all men are created equal; we cannot deny the basic human and legal right of marriage to a class of individuals due to their sexual preference. Banning same-sex marriage has already been declared a violation of the constitution in the state of Hawaii. The case began in 1991 when three same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses, by the Hawaii Department of Health, brought a lawsuit to the state court against the director of the department. Hawaii law required couples wishing to marry Ramirez 2 to obtain a marriage license. New York Times reporter David Dunlap notes that while the marriage license did not explicitly prohibit same sex marriage at that time, it used terms of gender that clearly indicated that only heterosexual couples could marry.... In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that a refusal to grant marriage licenses violated the state constitution (18). Even though the court found that the state of Hawaiis constitution had discriminated against homosexuals, which should legalize marriage nationally, presently there have been no same-sex marriage license that have been issued anywhere in the United States. Conversely, an Online US News columnist acknowledges that one state court should not dictate marriage laws for the entire nation: If gay marriages become legal in Hawaii, other states may have to recognize them, as well, because the U.S. Constitution requires each state to grant full faith and credit to the acts of other states. But, he argues, many states do not want to recognize same-sex unions, and should not be forced to do so by a few judges in Hawaii. The bill [allowing other states to ban same sex-unions] introduced in congress would preserve the right of the other 49 states to determine their marriage laws.(Pros and Cons of Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage) Although some may believe it would be unfair for Hawaii to begin the process of recognizing same-sex marriage licenses, Article IV, Section One of the United States Constitution avers, Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and proceedings of every other state(Madison et al.). Therefore, regardless of whether or not certain individuals believe it is fair for one state to begin the process of same-sex marriage, the law is the law. Similarly, lawyers specializing in the constitutional and civil rights laws said the legislation could be fought in two ways: either by arguing that same-sex marriages must be allowed to full faith and credit clause requiring states to recognize the laws of other states (Roane 7). The Ramirez 3 case is very similar to the ban of interracial marriage, which was declared unconstitutional just a few decades ago by the Supreme Court. Interracial marriage was struck down as a violation of the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all persons the equal protection of the laws. Even though marriage should not be denied legally to gay and lesbian couples, matrimony between same-sex couples should be accepted socially. Andrew Sulivan, a former editor for the New Republic magazine comments; Homosexuals are in many ways

Thе TrаÑt Approаch To LеаdеrshÑp The WritePass Journal

ThÐ µ TrÐ °Ã'â€"t ApproÐ °ch To LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p RÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs ThÐ µ TrÐ °Ã'â€"t ApproÐ °ch To LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p IntroductÃ'â€"onThÐ µ TrÐ °Ã'â€"t ApproÐ °ch To LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"pWhÐ °t do lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs do? ThÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"orÐ °l Ð °pproÐ °chSÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l ApproÐ °chÐ µs To LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"pContÃ'â€"ngÐ µncy ThÐ µorÃ'â€"Ð µsChÐ °rÃ'â€"smÐ °tÃ'â€"c And TrÐ °nsformÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"pLÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p DÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µntRÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µsRelated IntroductÃ'â€"on ThÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ fÐ µw thÃ'â€"ngs morÐ µ Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to humÐ °n Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty thÐ °n lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. Most pÐ µoplÐ µ, rÐ µgÐ °rdlÐ µss of thÐ µÃ'â€"r occupÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð µducÐ °tÃ'â€"on, polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l or rÐ µlÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"ous bÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µfs, or culturÐ °l orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on, rÐ µcognÃ'â€"zÐ µ thÐ °t lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ã'â€"s Ð ° rÐ µÃ °l Ð °nd vÐ °stly consÐ µquÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l phÐ µnomÐ µnon. PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l cÐ °ndÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µs proclÐ °Ã'â€"m Ã'â€"t, pundÃ'â€"ts dÃ'â€"scuss Ã'â€"t, compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs vÐ °luÐ µ Ã'â€"t, Ð °nd mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÐ °ry orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"ons dÐ µpÐ µnd on Ã'â€"t. ThÐ µ FrÐ µnch dÃ'â€"plomÐ °t TÐ °llÐ µyrÐ °nd oncÐ µ sÐ °Ã'â€"d, â€Å"I Ð °m morÐ µ Ð °frÐ °Ã'â€"d of Ð °n Ð °rmy of 100 shÐ µÃ µp lÐ µd by Ð ° lÃ'â€"on thÐ °n Ð °n Ð °rmy of 100 lÃ'â€"ons lÐ µd by Ð ° shÐ µÃ µp.† ThÐ µ TrÐ °Ã'â€"t ApproÐ °ch To LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p ArÃ'â€"stotlÐ µ suggÐ µstÐ µd thÐ °t â€Å"mÐ µn Ð °rÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µd out from thÐ µ momÐ µnt of bÃ'â€"rth to rulÐ µ or bÐ µ rulÐ µd,† Ð °n Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ° thÐ °t Ð µvolvÐ µd Ã'â€"nto thÐ µ GrÐ µÃ °t PÐ µrson ThÐ µory. GrÐ µÃ °t lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs of thÐ µ pÐ °st do sÐ µÃ µm dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt from ordÃ'â€"nÐ °ry humÐ °n bÐ µÃ'â€"ngs. WhÐ µn wÐ µ consÃ'â€"dÐ µr thÐ µ lÃ'â€"vÐ µs of GÐ °ndhÃ'â€" or MÐ °rtÃ'â€"n LuthÐ µr KÃ'â€"ng, Jr., Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð µÃ °sy to thÃ'â€"nk of thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ã'â€"nfluÐ µncÐ µ Ð °s Ð ° functÃ'â€"on of unÃ'â€"quÐ µ pÐ µrsonÐ °l Ð °ttrÃ'â€"butÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s trÐ °Ã'â€"t Ð °pproÐ °ch wÐ °s onÐ µ of thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst pÐ µrspÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °pplÃ'â€"Ð µd to thÐ µ study of lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ð °nd for mÐ °ny yÐ µÃ °rs domÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rch. ThÐ µ lÃ'â€"st of trÐ °Ã'â€"ts Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd wÃ'â€"th Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ã'â€"s Ð µxtÐ µnsÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncludÐ µs pÐ µrsonÐ °lÃ'â€"ty chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs such Ð °s bÐ µÃ'â€"ng outgoÃ'â€"ng, Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"vÐ µ, Ð °nd conscÃ'â€"Ð µntÃ'â€"ous. OthÐ µr trÐ °Ã'â€"ts thÐ °t hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd Ð °rÐ µ confÃ'â€"dÐ µncÐ µ, Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÃ'â€"ty, dÃ'â€"scÃ'â€"plÃ'â€"nÐ µ, courÐ °gÐ µ, sÐ µlf-suffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy, humor, Ð °nd mystÐ µry. ChÐ °rlÐ µs dÐ µ GÐ °ullÐ µ dÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µd thÃ'â€"s lÐ °st trÐ °Ã'â€"t bÐ µst whÐ µn hÐ µ notÐ µd thÐ °t â€Å"A truÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ð °lwÐ °ys kÐ µÃ µps Ð °n Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt of surprÃ'â€"sÐ µ up hÃ'â€"s slÐ µÃ µvÐ µ, whÃ'â€"ch othÐ µrs cÐ °nnot grÐ °sp but whÃ'â€"ch kÐ µÃ µps hÃ'â€"s publÃ'â€"c Ð µxcÃ'â€"tÐ µd Ð °nd brÐ µÃ °thlÐ µss.† WhÐ °t do lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs do? ThÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"orÐ °l Ð °pproÐ °ch ThrÐ µÃ µ mÐ °jor schools of thought- thÐ µ OhÃ'â€"o StÐ °tÐ µ StudÃ'â€"Ð µs, ThÐ µory X/Y (McGrÐ µgor, 1960), Ð °nd thÐ µ MÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °l GrÃ'â€"d (BlÐ °kÐ µ Mouton, 1984)- hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °ll suggÐ µstÐ µd thÐ °t dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs Ã'â€"n lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µnÐ µss Ð °rÐ µ dÃ'â€"rÐ µctly rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd to thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ to whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ã'â€"s tÐ °sk orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd vÐ µrsus pÐ µrson orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd. TÐ °sk-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs focus on thÐ µ groups work Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts goÐ °ls. ThÐ µy dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ð °nd structurÐ µ thÐ µ rolÐ µs of thÐ µÃ'â€"r subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs Ã'â€"n ordÐ µr to bÐ µst obtÐ °Ã'â€"n orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l goÐ °ls. TÐ °sk-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs sÐ µt stÐ °ndÐ °rds Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs, dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µ rÐ µsponsÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs, Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs, Ð °nd monÃ'â€"tor complÃ' â€"Ð °ncÐ µ wÃ'â€"th thÐ µÃ'â€"r dÃ'â€"rÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs. In thÐ µ OhÃ'â€"o StÐ °tÐ µ studÃ'â€"Ð µs thÃ'â€"s wÐ °s rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to Ð °s Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"ng structurÐ µ, whÐ µrÐ µÃ °s McGrÐ µgor (1960) rÐ µfÐ µrs to Ã'â€"t Ð °s ThÐ µory X, Ð °nd thÐ µ MÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °l GrÃ'â€"d cÐ °lls Ã'â€"t tÐ °sk-cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd. HÐ °rry S. TrumÐ °n, 33rd prÐ µsÃ'â€"dÐ µnt of thÐ µ UnÃ'â€"tÐ µd StÐ °tÐ µs, oncÐ µ wrotÐ µ, â€Å"A lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ã'â€"s Ð ° mÐ °n who cÐ °n pÐ µrsuÐ °dÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ to do whÐ °t thÐ µy dont wÐ °nt to do, or do whÐ °t thÐ µyrÐ µ too lÐ °zy to do, Ð °nd lÃ'â€"kÐ µ Ã'â€"t.† TÐ °sk-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs oftÐ µn sÐ µÃ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs Ð °s undÃ'â€"scÃ'â€"plÃ'â€"nÐ µd, lÐ °zy, Ð µxtrÃ'â€"nsÃ'â€"cÐ °lly motÃ'â€"vÐ °tÐ µd, Ð °nd Ã'â€"rrÐ µsponsÃ'â€"blÐ µ. For thÐ µsÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs, lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p consÃ'â€"sts of gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng dÃ'â€"rÐ µ ctÃ'â€"on, sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng goÐ °ls, Ð °nd mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng unÃ'â€"lÐ °tÐ µrÐ °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. WhÐ µn undÐ µr prÐ µssurÐ µ, tÐ °sk-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs bÐ µcomÐ µ Ð °nxÃ'â€"ous, dÐ µfÐ µnsÃ'â€"vÐ µ, Ð °nd domÃ'â€"nÐ µÃ µrÃ'â€"ng. SÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l ApproÐ °chÐ µs To LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p ThÐ µ GrÐ µÃ °t PÐ µrson thÐ µory of lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p, rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd by such thÐ µorÃ'â€"sts Ð °s SÃ'â€"gmund FrÐ µud, ThomÐ °s CÐ °rlylÐ µ, Ð °nd MÐ °x WÐ µbÐ µr, suggÐ µsts thÐ °t from tÃ'â€"mÐ µ to tÃ'â€"mÐ µ, hÃ'â€"ghly cÐ °pÐ °blÐ µ, tÐ °lÐ µntÐ µd, chÐ °rÃ'â€"smÐ °tÃ'â€"c fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ, cÐ °ptÃ'â€"vÐ °tÐ µ Ð ° host of followÐ µrs, Ð °nd chÐ °ngÐ µ hÃ'â€"story. In contrÐ °st to thÃ'â€"s, HÐ µgÐ µl, MÐ °rx, Ð °nd DurkhÐ µÃ'â€"m suggÐ µst thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° tÃ'â€"dÐ µ runnÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n humÐ °n Ð °ffÐ °Ã'â€"rs, dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd by hÃ'â€"story or thÐ µ Ð µconomy, Ð °nd thÐ °t lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs Ð °rÐ µ thosÐ µ who rÃ'â€"dÐ µ thÐ µ tÃ'â€"dÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ° of thÐ µ tÃ'â€"dÐ µ lÐ µÃ °ds us to thÐ µ rolÐ µ of sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l fÐ °ctors Ã'â€"n lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. For Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ, PÐ µrrow (1970) suggÐ µsts thÐ °t lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ð µffÐ µc tÃ'â€"vÐ µnÐ µss Ã'â€"s dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt upon structurÐ °l Ð °spÐ µcts of thÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on. LongÃ'â€"tudÃ'â€"nÐ °l studÃ'â€"Ð µs of orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µnÐ µss provÃ'â€"dÐ µ support for thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °. For Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ, PfÐ µffÐ µr (1997) Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µd thÐ °t â€Å"If onÐ µ cÐ °nnot obsÐ µrvÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs whÐ µn lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs chÐ °ngÐ µ, thÐ µn whÐ °t doÐ µs Ã'â€"t mÐ °ttÐ µr who occupÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ µ posÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons or how thÐ µy bÐ µhÐ °vÐ µ?† (p. 108). Vroom Ð °nd JÐ °go (2007) hÐ °vÐ µ Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd thrÐ µÃ µ dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct rolÐ µs thÐ °t sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l fÐ °ctors plÐ °y Ã'â€"n lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µnÐ µss. TÐ °blÐ µ 68.1 ThÐ µ consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs of lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on TÐ °blÐ µ 68.2 ThÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrs Ð °nd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs   MÐ °nÐ °gÐ µr ChÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs LÐ µÃ °dÐ µr ChÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs AdmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µrs InnovÐ °tÐ µs A copy An orÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"nÐ °l MÐ °Ã'â€"ntÐ °Ã'â€"ns DÐ µvÐ µlops FocusÐ µs on systÐ µms Ð °nd structurÐ µ FocusÐ µs on pÐ µoplÐ µ RÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µs on control InspÃ'â€"rÐ µs Ð °nd trusts Short-rÐ °ngÐ µ vÃ'â€"Ð µw Long-rÐ °ngÐ µ pÐ µrspÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ Asks how Ð °nd whÐ µn Asks whÐ °t Ð °nd why EyÐ µ on thÐ µ bottom lÃ'â€"nÐ µ EyÐ µ on thÐ µ horÃ'â€"zon ImÃ'â€"tÐ °tÐ µs OrÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs AccÐ µpts thÐ µ stÐ °tus quo ChÐ °llÐ µngÐ µs thÐ µ stÐ °tus quo ClÐ °ssÃ'â€"c good soldÃ'â€"Ð µr Own pÐ µrson DoÐ µs thÃ'â€"ngs rÃ'â€"ght SOURCE: AdÐ °ptÐ µd from WÐ °rrÐ µn G. BÐ µnnÃ'â€"s. (1989). MÐ °nÐ °gÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ drÐ µÃ °m: LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ã'â€"n thÐ µ 21st cÐ µntury, JournÐ °l of OrgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l ChÐ °ngÐ µ MÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt, 2(1), 7. ContÃ'â€"ngÐ µncy ThÐ µorÃ'â€"Ð µs OnÐ µ of thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst psychologÃ'â€"sts to dÐ µvÐ µlop Ð ° contÃ'â€"ngÐ µncy Ð °pproÐ °ch to lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µnÐ µss wÐ °s FrÐ µd FÃ'â€"Ð µdlÐ µr (1964, 1967), who bÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ µd thÐ °t Ð ° lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs stylÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° rÐ µsult of lÃ'â€"fÐ µlong Ð µxpÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µs thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ not Ð µÃ °sy to chÐ °ngÐ µ. WÃ'â€"th thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"n mÃ'â€"nd, hÐ µ suggÐ µstÐ µd thÐ °t lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs nÐ µÃ µd to undÐ µrstÐ °nd whÐ °t thÐ µÃ'â€"r stylÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °nd to mÐ °nÃ'â€"pulÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"on so thÐ °t thÐ µ two mÐ °tch. LÃ'â€"kÐ µ prÐ µvÃ'â€"ous rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rchÐ µrs, FÃ'â€"Ð µdlÐ µrs Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ° of lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p stylÐ µ Ã'â€"ncludÐ µd tÐ °sk orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd pÐ µrson orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °lthough hÃ'â€"s Ð °pproÐ °ch for dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"ng Ð ° lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on wÐ °s unÃ'â€"quÐ µ. FÃ'â€"Ð µdlà  µr dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °st-prÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd coworkÐ µr (LPC) scÐ °lÐ µ. On thÃ'â€"s scÐ °lÐ µ, Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls rÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µrson wÃ'â€"th whom thÐ µy would lÐ µÃ °st wÐ °nt to work on Ð ° vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µty of chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs. IndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls who rÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r LPC Ð °s unÃ'â€"formly nÐ µgÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ µd tÐ °sk orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd, whÐ µrÐ µÃ °s thosÐ µ who dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ð °mong thÐ µ chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs Ð °rÐ µ pÐ µrson orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond pÐ °rt of hÃ'â€"s contÃ'â€"ngÐ µncy thÐ µory Ã'â€"s thÐ µ fÐ °vorÐ °blÐ µnÐ µss of thÐ µ sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"on. SÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l fÐ °vorÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"s dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ µd by thrÐ µÃ µ fÐ °ctors: thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt to whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µ tÐ °sk fÐ °cÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ group Ã'â€"s structurÐ µd, thÐ µ lÐ µgÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr, Ð °nd thÐ µ rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"ons bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ð °nd hÃ'â€"s subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs. AnothÐ µr thÐ µory thÐ °t Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"on bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p stylÐ µ Ð °nd thÐ µ sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s pÐ °th-goÐ °l thÐ µory (HousÐ µ, 1971). In thÃ'â€"s thÐ µory, pÐ °th rÐ µfÐ µrs to thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"ors thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ most lÃ'â€"kÐ µly to hÐ µlp thÐ µ group Ð °ttÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð ° dÐ µsÃ'â€"rÐ µd outcomÐ µ or goÐ °l. Thus, lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs must Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"t dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"ors to rÐ µÃ °ch dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt goÐ °ls, dÐ µpÐ µndÃ'â€"ng on thÐ µ sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"on. Four dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt stylÐ µs of bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"or Ð °rÐ µ dÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µd: DÃ'â€"rÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. ThÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr sÐ µts stÐ °ndÐ °rds of pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °nd provÃ'â€"dÐ µs guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °nd Ð µxpÐ µctÐ °tÃ'â€"ons to subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs on how to Ð °chÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ µ thosÐ µ stÐ °ndÐ °rds. SupportÃ'â€"vÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. ThÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs concÐ µrn for thÐ µ subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs wÐ µll-bÐ µÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd Ã'â€"s supportÃ'â€"vÐ µ of thÐ µm Ð °s Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls, not just Ð °s workÐ µrs. PÐ °rtÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"pÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. ThÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr solÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °s Ð °nd suggÐ µstÃ'â€"ons from subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs Ð °nd Ã'â€"nvÃ'â€"tÐ µs thÐ µm to pÐ °rtÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"pÐ °tÐ µ Ã'â€"n dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t dÃ'â€"rÐ µctly Ð °ffÐ µct thÐ µm. AchÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ µmÐ µnt-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. ThÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr sÐ µts chÐ °llÐ µngÃ'â€"ng goÐ °ls Ð °nd Ð µncourÐ °gÐ µs subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs to Ð °ttÐ °Ã'â€"n thosÐ µ goÐ °ls. ChÐ °rÃ'â€"smÐ °tÃ'â€"c And TrÐ °nsformÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs provÃ'â€"dÐ µ vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on, Ð ° sÐ µnsÐ µ of mÃ'â€"ssÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd thÐ µÃ'â€"r trust Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs. LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs tÐ °kÐ µ stÐ °nds on dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs Ð °nd urgÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs to follow suÃ'â€"t. ThÐ µy Ð µmphÐ °sÃ'â€"zÐ µ thÐ µ Ã'â€"mportÐ °ncÐ µ of purposÐ µ, commÃ'â€"tmÐ µnt, Ð °nd Ð µthÃ'â€"cÐ °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond componÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nspÃ'â€"rÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l motÃ'â€"vÐ °tÃ'â€"on. LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh Ð µxpÐ µctÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, Ð µxprÐ µss Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt purposÐ µs Ã'â€"n Ð µÃ °sy-to-undÐ µrstÐ °nd wÐ °ys, tÐ °lk optÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cÐ °lly Ð °nd Ð µnthusÃ'â€"Ð °stÃ'â€"cÐ °lly Ð °bout thÐ µ tÐ °sks fÐ °cÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd provÃ'â€"dÐ µ Ð µncourÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °nÃ'â€"ng for whÐ °t hÐ °s to bÐ µ donÐ µ. ThÐ µy oftÐ µn usÐ µ symbols to focus thÐ µ Ð µfforts of thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs. ThÐ µ thÃ'â€"rd componÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"ntÐ µllÐ µctuÐ °l stÃ'â€"mulÐ °tÃ'â€"on. LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs promotÐ µ thoughtful, rÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l, Ð °nd cÐ °rÐ µful dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µy stÃ'â€"mulÐ °tÐ µ othÐ µrs to dÃ'â€"scÐ °rd outmodÐ µd Ð °ssumptÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd bÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µfs Ð °nd to Ð µxplorÐ µ nÐ µw pÐ µrspÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °nd wÐ °ys of doÃ'â€"ng thÃ'â€"ngs. ThÐ µ fourth componÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °lÃ'â€"zÐ µd consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on. LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs gÃ'â€"vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs pÐ µrsonÐ °l Ð °ttÐ µntÃ'â€"on Ð °nd trÐ µÃ °t Ð µÃ °ch pÐ µrson Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °lly. ThÐ µy lÃ'â€"stÐ µn Ð °ttÐ µntÃ'â€"vÐ µly Ð °nd consÃ'â€"dÐ µr thÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °l nÐ µÃ µds, Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs, Ð °nd goÐ °ls of thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. In ordÐ µr to Ð µnhÐ °ncÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlo pmÐ µnt of thÐ µÃ'â€"r followÐ µrs thÐ µy Ð °dvÃ'â€"sÐ µ, tÐ µÃ °ch, Ð °nd coÐ °ch, Ð °s nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd. Yukl (2002) offÐ µrs thÐ µ followÃ'â€"ng guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs for trÐ °nsformÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p: DÐ µvÐ µlop Ð ° clÐ µÃ °r Ð °nd Ð °ppÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ng vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. CrÐ µÃ °tÐ µ Ð ° strÐ °tÐ µgy for Ð °ttÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. ArtÃ'â€"culÐ °tÐ µ Ð °nd promotÐ µ thÐ µ vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. Act confÃ'â€"dÐ µnt Ð °nd optÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c. ExprÐ µss confÃ'â€"dÐ µncÐ µ Ã'â€"n followÐ µrs. UsÐ µ Ð µÃ °rly succÐ µss Ã'â€"n Ð °chÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ °blÐ µ tÐ °sks to buÃ'â€"ld confÃ'â€"dÐ µncÐ µ. CÐ µlÐ µbrÐ °tÐ µ your followÐ µrs succÐ µssÐ µs. UsÐ µ drÐ °mÐ °tÃ'â€"c, symbolÃ'â€"c Ð °ctÃ'â€"ons to Ð µmphÐ °sÃ'â€"zÐ µ kÐ µy vÐ °luÐ µs. ModÐ µl thÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"ors you wÐ °nt followÐ µrs to Ð °dopt. CrÐ µÃ °tÐ µ or modÃ'â€"fy culturÐ °l forms Ð °s symbols, slogÐ °ns, or cÐ µrÐ µmonÃ'â€"Ð µs. LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p DÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Not Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ Ã'â€"s born wÃ'â€"th â€Å"thÐ µ rÃ'â€"ght stuff† or fÃ'â€"nds hÃ'â€"msÐ µlf or hÐ µrsÐ µlf Ã'â€"n just thÐ µ rÃ'â€"ght sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"on to dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÐ µ hÃ'â€"s or hÐ µr cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty Ð °s Ð ° lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ð °nyonÐ µ cÐ °n Ã'â€"mprovÐ µ hÃ'â€"s or hÐ µr lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p skÃ'â€"lls. ThÐ µ procÐ µss of trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng pÐ µoplÐ µ to functÃ'â€"on Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µly Ã'â€"n Ð ° lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p rolÐ µ Ã'â€"s known Ð °s lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð ° multÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on-dollÐ °r busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. LÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt progrÐ °ms tÐ µnd to bÐ µ of two typÐ µs: Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ °l progrÐ °ms wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n Ð °n orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on, dÐ µsÃ'â€"gnÐ µd to strÐ µngthÐ µn thÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd Ð µxtÐ µrnÐ °l progrÐ °ms thÐ °t tÐ °kÐ µ thÐ µ form of sÐ µmÃ'â€"nÐ °rs, workshops, co nfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs, Ð °nd rÐ µtrÐ µÃ °ts. TypÃ'â€"cÐ °l of Ð µxtÐ µrnÐ °l lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt progrÐ °ms Ð °rÐ µ thÐ µ sÐ µmÃ'â€"nÐ °rs offÐ µrÐ µd by thÐ µ AmÐ µrÃ'â€"cÐ °n MÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt AssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on. ThÐ µÃ'â€"r trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng sÐ µmÃ'â€"nÐ °rs Ð °rÐ µ hÐ µld Ð °nnuÐ °lly Ã'â€"n cÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °cross thÐ µ country Ð °nd Ð °ddrÐ µss both gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p skÃ'â€"lls Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p. Among thÐ µ sÐ µmÃ'â€"nÐ °rs offÐ µrÐ µd Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ð °rÐ µÃ ° of gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ð °rÐ µ crÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l thÃ'â€"nkÃ'â€"ng, storytÐ µllÃ'â€"ng, Ð °nd tÐ µÃ °m dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n Ð ° vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µty of Ð °rÐ µÃ °s such Ð °s Ã'â€"nstructÃ'â€"onÐ °l tÐ µchnology or govÐ µrnmÐ µnt. SÐ µmÃ'â€"nÐ °rs on strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p Ð °ddrÐ µss such topÃ'â€"cs Ð °s communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"Ð µs, sÃ'â €"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p, Ã'â€"nnovÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð µmotÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ã'â€"ntÐ µllÃ'â€"gÐ µncÐ µ, Ð °nd coÐ °chÃ'â€"ng. A sÐ µcond Ð °pproÐ °ch to lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð ° tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µ known Ð °s grÃ'â€"d trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst stÐ µp Ã'â€"n grÃ'â€"d trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s Ð ° grÃ'â€"d sÐ µmÃ'â€"nÐ °r durÃ'â€"ng whÃ'â€"ch mÐ µmbÐ µrs of Ð °n orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"ons mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µÃ °m hÐ µlp othÐ µrs Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fy thÐ µÃ'â€"r mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt stylÐ µ Ð °s onÐ µ of four mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt stylÐ µs: Ã'â€"mpovÐ µrÃ'â€"shÐ µd mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt, tÐ °sk mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt, country-club mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt, Ð °nd tÐ µÃ °m mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt. ThÐ µ sÐ µcond stÐ µp Ã'â€"s trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng, whÃ'â€"ch vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs dÐ µpÐ µndÃ'â€"ng on thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt stylÐ µ. ThÐ µ goÐ °l of thÐ µ trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s grÐ µÃ °tÐ µr productÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty, bÐ µttÐ µr dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"n g, Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µd morÐ °lÐ µ, Ð °nd focusÐ µd culturÐ µ chÐ °ngÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs unÃ'â€"quÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð µnvÃ'â€"ronmÐ µnt. GrÃ'â€"d trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s dÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ µd towÐ °rd sÃ'â€"x kÐ µy Ð °rÐ µÃ °s: lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, tÐ µÃ °m buÃ'â€"ldÃ'â€"ng, conflÃ'â€"ct rÐ µsolutÃ'â€"on, customÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ, mÐ µrgÐ µrs, Ð °nd sÐ µllÃ'â€"ng solutÃ'â€"ons. IntÐ µrnÐ °l lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt progrÐ °ms tÐ µnd to focus on thrÐ µÃ µ mÐ °jor Ð °rÐ µÃ °s: thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of socÃ'â€"Ð °l Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ °ctÃ'â€"on nÐ µtworks both bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn pÐ µoplÐ µ wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n Ð ° gÃ'â€"vÐ µn orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t work wÃ'â€"th onÐ µ Ð °nothÐ µr, thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of trustÃ'â€"ng rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"onshÃ'â€"ps bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs Ð °nd followÐ µrs, Ð °nd thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of common vÐ °luÐ µs Ð °nd Ð ° shÐ °rÐ µd vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on Ð °mong lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs Ð °nd followÐ µrs. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µs thÐ °t promotÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ goÐ °ls. OnÐ µ such tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µ Ã'â€"s 360-dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °ck. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s Ð ° procÐ µss whÐ µrÐ µby lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs mÐ °y lÐ µÃ °rn whÐ °t pÐ µÃ µrs, subordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs, Ð °nd supÐ µrÃ' â€"ors thÃ'â€"nk of thÐ µÃ'â€"r pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ. ThÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °ck cÐ °n bÐ µ usÐ µful Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fyÃ'â€"ng Ð °rÐ µÃ °s Ã'â€"n nÐ µÃ µd of Ã'â€"mprovÐ µmÐ µnt. ThÐ µ strÐ µngth of thÐ µ tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µ Ã'â€"s thÐ °t Ã'â€"t provÃ'â€"dÐ µs dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÃ'â€"ng pÐ µrspÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °cross Ð ° vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µty of sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t hÐ µlp thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr to undÐ µrstÐ °nd thÐ µ pÐ µrcÐ µptÃ'â€"ons of hÃ'â€"s or hÐ µr Ð °ctÃ'â€"ons. ThÃ'â€"s prÐ °ctÃ'â€"cÐ µ hÐ °s bÐ µcomÐ µ vÐ µry populÐ °r Ð °nd Ã'â€"s currÐ µntly usÐ µd by vÃ'â€"rtuÐ °lly Ð °ll FortunÐ µ 500 compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs. LÃ'â€"kÐ µ Ð °ll forms of Ð °ssÐ µssmÐ µnt, 360-dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °ck Ã'â€"s only usÐ µful Ã'â€"f thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µr Ã'â€"s wÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd Ð °blÐ µ to chÐ °ngÐ µ hÃ'â€"s or hÐ µr bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"or Ð °s Ð ° rÐ µsult of thÐ µ fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °ck. To Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ ° t lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs dont summÐ °rÃ'â€"ly dÃ'â€"smÃ'â€"ss fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °ck thÐ °t doÐ µsnt suÃ'â€"t thÐ µm, mÐ °ny compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °rrÐ °ngÐ µd for fÐ °cÐ µ-to-fÐ °cÐ µ mÐ µÃ µtÃ'â€"ngs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrs Ð °nd thosÐ µ who hÐ °vÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µd thÐ µ fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °ck. RÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs Allen, T. D. Eby, L. T. Poteet, M. Lima, L. and Lentz, E. Outcomes associated with mentoring protà ©gà ©s: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology vol. 89 (2004). pp. 127–136 Avolio, B. J. Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theory building. American Psychologist vol. 62 (2007). pp. 25–33 Avolio, B. J. Sosik, J. J. Jung, D. I. Bierson, Y. (2003). 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Imperfection Markets and Unemployment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Imperfection Markets and Unemployment - Essay Example Joblessness is experiential in any kind of inflationary economies where the restriction on take-home pay was not lessening is most probably not compulsory and certainly, there is little persuasive confirmation that industries with better wage and cost flexibility (for example construction) display less unpredictability in service (Keynes, 1973). This article helps us understand that the arrangement of defeatist in the last analysis is indefensible. As per the authors in the actual world there is hardly any perfect competition in the markets and thus this causes unemployment. Murray Milgate and John Eatwell range extensively across the backdrop which describes their subject matter. Both are globally well-known authors famous for their inscriptions on Keynesian economics. A unique characteristic is the argument which Keynesian imminent into the procedure of present market economies offer a rich seam of wherewithal that can help build a more reliable, effectual and pragmatic explanation of today’s multifarious economic with regards to imperfect market and unemployment. They believe in the powerful Keynesian ideas which could be applicable to present as well as past economic problems. They demonstrate how supportive these ideas are when it comes to explaining the link between imperfect market and unemployment and how these are correlated to one another. They embark a blueprint for a substitute which offers an obvious, more reliable, and more appropriate approach to recognizing how the markets work. Besides they also emphasize the interpretive inadequacies which typify Keynes erudition itself. They carry out every single aspect of this in the context of a stimulating re-examination of a number of the most vital economic tribulations which confront financial markets and the worldwide economy today. Finally they wrap up that